Clinical Animal Practice (CAP) Semester 1 Practice Test

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• Which statement is true regarding radiographic findings in left atrial enlargement with pulmonary edema?
• In left-sided congestive heart failure in cats, which radiographic combination is most typical?
• Suppurative cholangiohepatitis is associated with...
• Loud/harsh cough is most likely to originate from which anatomical location?
• Lead II measures the electrical conduction between which two limbs?
• Which of the following best describes the initial analgesia choice for an IVDD case awaiting surgery in a small dog?
• Regarding a jejunal torsion, which statement is correct?
• In a middle-aged cat with acute dyspnea and harsh lung sounds, what is the single best diagnostic procedure to perform now?
• In a household with three adult indoor cats showing inappetence, serous nasal discharge, sneezing, epiphora, and a recent dog introduction, what is the single most likely diagnosis?
• The muscularis layer suture pattern in a completed gastrotomy closure is most likely which?
• Which structure is NOT part of the periodontium?
• During CPR, what is the minimum ETCO2 associated with effective chest compressions?
• Which combination best describes the major clinical features of acute pancreatitis in dogs?
• Which management is true for open pyometra?
• Which radiographic sign is most consistent with a diaphragmatic hernia?
• Which statement about standard veterinary ECG monitoring is true?
• Animals inadequately treated for hypovolaemic shock will enter phase 2 or decompensated shock. What is the primary mechanism by which this decompensation occurs?
• Which scenario could plausibly cause a false negative result when testing for FIV with a rapid antibody test in a patient?
• In geriatric patients, cardiac output is often increased.
• What is the correct sequence for Basic Life Support in a dog that is unconscious and not breathing?
• A 10-year-old Maltese presents with acute dyspnea and coughing. Which diagnosis is most likely based on the case?
• Which therapeutic agent is contraindicated for use in cats?
• In a 3-month-old mixed-breed dog with vomiting for 2 days, which radiographic diagnosis is most likely?
• ETCO2 monitoring during CPR primarily provides information about which aspects?
• During CPR, which monitoring parameter is commonly used to assess the effectiveness of chest compressions?
• Regarding local anaesthetic use in local blocks, which statement is correct?
• In a 4-year-old dog with acute onset stertorous breathing and pain on opening the mouth, which is the most likely diagnosis?
• Where is feline calicivirus shed in carrier cats?
• Local consequence of prolonged venous congestion in obstructed intestine?
• Which radiographic finding is most compatible with congestive heart failure due to left atrial enlargement?
• Which factor is most likely to prolong the duration of action of an amide local anaesthetic?
• Which best describes the characteristics of pancreatitis in dogs?
• Chronic stress can affect which body systems?
• Removing the ileocecal valve will affect intestinal transit time in which way?
• In veterinary neck surgery, injury to which nerve could lead to loss of voice due to laryngeal paralysis?
• During a staphylectomy, which structure should determine tissue length?
• A 12-year-old Dogue Argentino presents with gagging, coughing and dyspnea. What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis?
• Which instrument is used to grasp tissue when applying skin sutures in a cat?
• Which of the following would be a pre-anesthetic concern in a brachycephalic dog?
• A 6-year-old Kelpie presents with a 1-week history of painful swelling over the maxilla and under the eye socket. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• In a 6 month old kitten spey weighing 2 kg, which instrument is used to clamp the ovarian pedicle before ligation?
• Right-sided congestive heart failure in dogs can result in:
• In a triage setting, which imaging modality would provide more information about respiratory disease than auscultation?
• Which statement regarding urethral prolapse is true?
• Which instrument is used to atraumatically grasp abdominal contents in a cat e.g. bladder, intestines?
• In cats with idiopathic tooth resorption type 2, which statement is true?
• Feline Infectious Peritonitis is caused by...
• In feline asthma management, which therapy is commonly delivered by inhalation for acute episodes?
• In the canine mammary neoplasia context, what is a commonly accepted surgical option when a tumor is confined to a single side?
• A 5-month-old domestic shorthair cat presents with tachypnea and open-mouth breathing. Which radiographic diagnosis is most likely?
• Which dog group has low body fat and may experience prolonged recovery with thiopentone?
• A high reticulocyte count indicates which of the following?
• Which local anesthetic has a longer onset and longer duration than lidocaine according to the material?
• What is the best surgical treatment option for BLP when there is concurrent oesophageal disease and why?
• In the same ECG, what does the relationship 'P for every QRS but not every P followed by a QRS' indicate?
• What are the two most common and important causative agents for Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis?
• Boxers are predisposed to which cardiac condition(s)?
• In the management of a cervical salivary mucocele in dogs, which statement is most correct?
• What is a recommended first action during the primary survey when a distressed dog arrives?
• Which of the following may be the most beneficial during the first 10 minutes of CPR for patients with pulseless electrical activity that have severe acidemia?
• A 5-week-old unvaccinated kitten has a 4-day history of lethargy and mild oculonasal discharge with oral lesions on examination. Which pathogen is most likely?
• Define refractoriness
• Defibrillation is indicated for which cardiac rhythms?
• Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of laryngeal paralysis?
• An 11-year-old Husky presents with lethargy and anorexia; radiographs indicate a diagnosis of which finding?
• When placing a chest drain, which structure must be avoided?
• Which organism is typically classified as a non-core canine vaccine?
• Isoflurane maintenance may lead to hypotension. What is the primary mechanism for this hypotension?
• In a five-day complete jejunal obstruction, what causes luminal distention?
• Clomipramine is which type of antidepressant and what does it inhibit?
• Which instrument is used to extend your initial blade scalpel stab incision into the linea alba to open up the abdomen in a 30 kg dog?
• In a dog with marked lymphocytosis, what is the most likely diagnosis?
• What disease process is occurring to the tooth immediately caudal to the carnassial?
• Which of the following tests would be LEAST valuable in the further investigation of Troy?
• In a 16-month-old intact female cat with swollen mammary glands, what is the best treatment?
• Which finding would best support immune-mediated haemolytic anemia?
• Which finding would most strongly argue against a primary cardiovascular problem in the coughing dog with a heart murmur?
• For small bowel resection, when should antibiotic coverage ideally be started to ensure high circulating levels at the time of surgery?
• Which term describes enlargement of the liver on radiographs?
• In Elmo's case, which laboratory value most strongly supports dehydration as the cause of the hemoconcentration?
• In an 8-month-old puppy with vomiting and diarrhoea, leukopenia, and a negative fecal parvovirus test, which etiological agent is most likely responsible?
• During a mid cervical tracheal resection, damage to which paired nerves would cause permanent vocal dysfunction?
• Hepatic lipidosis can be caused by anorexia in a fat cat. Which statement describes this?
• In assessing dystocia, which sign is most strongly associated with dystocia?
• Which tooth structure is radiolucent and corresponds to the pulp chamber on radiographs?
• Which drug is given intravenously to increase cardiac contractility in acute dilated cardiomyopathy before stabilization?
• In the case of a dog that is very reactive to unfamiliar dogs on walks, what is the most appropriate immediate suggestion?
• Regenerative anemia etiologies include:
• A 6-week-old female kitten from a litter presents with depression, anorexia, fever, and mucopurulent nasal discharge along with conjunctivitis and keratitis. Which pathogen is most likely the cause?
• In the described case, methadone given IV at 0.5 mg/kg has what approximate onset and duration of action?
• Dipstick analysis of regurgitated material typically shows which combination?
• Which cardiac condition will cause generalized cyanosis?
• In a spey procedure on a 40 kg dog, which instrument is used to clamp the ovarian pedicle before ligation?
• Given a 12-year-old male desexed domestic shorthair with litter box issues and lethargy, which condition would you highly consider?
• Which suturing pattern minimizes intraluminal narrowing after intestinal resection?
• Local anaesthetics block which type of ion channel to prevent nerve signal propagation?
• Which of the following statements is true with regards to mammary tumours?
• Which sign is associated with bacterial overgrowth and translocation in prolonged obstruction?
• Select the INCORRECT statement about urine spraying in cats.
• According to RECOVER guidelines, atropine should be administered when?
• On radiographs, a 6-year-old Rhodesian Ridgeback with abdominal distension and hypothermia most likely has which thoracic diagnosis?
• For a middle-aged cat with acute onset of open-mouth breathing and reluctance to move, what is the FIRST step in clinical evaluation?
• Which limb lead corresponds to RA → LL in dogs?
• Which statement about tachycardia in this dog is NOT true?
• Which scenario could cause a false positive result on an FIV antibody test?
• Which statement about sialocoeles is incorrect?
• When a dog's emotional state reaches the 'red zone' (fight or flight), what is the best first step?
• For a 10-year-old Doberman with dilated cardiomyopathy and no signs of congestive heart failure, which initial treatment sequence is recommended?
• Feliway is described as:
• Which complication is least commonly encountered in the anaesthesia of small animals?
• Which laboratory finding is commonly associated with canine pyometra?
• If threatened a cat's preferred first line of defence is:
• For external tracheal stenting, which statement is INCORRECT?
• Which instrument is used to extend your initial blade scalpel stab incision into the linea alba to open up the abdomen in a 3 kg cat?
• A loud cardiac murmur radiates to the sides of the thorax with no palpable thrill. Which grade is most consistent?
• Radiographs of a 10-year-old Maltese with acute collapse most likely indicate which diagnosis?
• Test kits for rapid diagnosis of FIV infection: can these kits distinguish between an FIV-infected cat and an uninfected FIV-vaccinated cat at six months after vaccination?
• A 2-year-old desexed male German Shepherd Dog with aggression and multiple behaviours is described. Which management approach is most appropriate?
• Which statement about laryngeal collapse and related upper airway disease is true?
• This radiograph of the rostral lower jaw of a 10 year old DSH cat named "Higgins" shows that all the mandibular incisors are missing. Using the modified Triadan system, what is the number given to the tooth marked with a red arrow?
• During prolonged general anesthesia, which statement correctly describes heat loss and its management to prevent and treat hypothermia?
• Which of the following best explains the likely cause for mild pyrexia and lethargy in the dog?
• In a 5-year-old mixed small-breed dog that regurgitates after getting into the trash, which radiographic diagnosis is most likely?
• Elmo, a 7 year old 7 kg male castrated Dachshund with hindlimb paralysis and no deep pain sensation. Based on Elmo's PCV and TP what is the most likely cause?
• If Troy was diagnosed with lympho-plasmacytic enteritis, what would be the most appropriate treatment combination?
• Which age range best represents the critical socialisation period in kittens?
• When exteriorising the bowel to inspect deeper structures, which method minimizes surgical trauma?
• In assessing the risk of anesthesia for Dumbo's exploratory surgery, which concern is most important to discuss with the owners?
• In a 13-year-old female mixed breed dog presenting with anorexia, lethargy and polyuria, what is the most likely diagnosis?
• For home management of feline asthma, which inhalation therapy combination is commonly used for acute episodes and chronic medication?
• Which vitamin is often low in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
• Which radiographic feature is most consistent with pyometra in an intact female dog?
• The following statement describes: consistent and repeated QRS complexes not present, random and non-repeatable ECG trace, no pulses detectable. Which rhythm is described?
• Which systemic complication can arise from obstruction?
• The most common chest wall tumour in dogs is:
• Where should an enterotomy be placed in the jejunum for a foreign body?
• In the management of an idiopathic allergic bronchitis case presenting with respiratory distress, which statement best reflects initial management?
• Which imaging modality is most helpful in diagnosing nasal aspergillosis when combined with endoscopic biopsy?
• True/False: In a pregnant bitch, progesterone and beta endorphins are increased, which makes them less sensitive to the effects of all anaesthetic drugs.
• No electrical or mechanical activity of the heart is described by which term?
• What radiographic feature helps distinguish an esophageal foreign body from general esophageal dilatation?
• Which statement describes regurgitation due to persistent right aortic arch in young dogs?
• Pancreatitis in dogs is seen more commonly in which group of breeds?
• In a patient under general anaesthesia, the end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) is greater than 45 mmHg. After confirming an adequate plane of anaesthesia, what action should be taken next?
• An 11-year-old Labrador Retriever with polydipsia, anorexia and tenesmus has which radiographic diagnosis?
• Which of the following is NOT a common complication during anesthesia in dogs and cats?
• A 10 year old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel presents with a cough. On clinical examination there is a grade 4/6 left apical systolic heart murmur. The heart rate is 108bpm and there is a respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Respiratory rate in the examination room is 29 breaths/min. What is the primary cause of cough most likely due to?
• In chest drainage, where should the perforated portion sit ideally?
• Given good pulse quality, which cause is more likely in this patient with pale mucous membranes?
• Due to hormonal changes in pregnancy, the minimum alveolar concentration of inhalant anesthetics is increased.
• Which statement best reflects the use of medications as-needed for a dog with noise phobia?
• What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics on nerve fibers?
• Which statement is true about atrial septal defects and cyanosis?
• Why is EtCO2 an important parameter to monitor during CPR?
• Which of the following is part of an optimal litter box plan for a house cat?
• When dealing with an intestinal intussusception, what is the rationale for attempting gentle reduction before resection?
• A 12-year-old cat presents with pale mucous membranes and slightly increased bilirubin. Which description best fits the observed anaemia?
• When closing the linea alba after a laparotomy, which layer has the most strength and must be included in a simple continuous closure?
• Hypercapnia during anesthesia is defined as an end-tidal CO2 above what range?
• Which enzyme pattern is most indicative of cholestasis?
• In the same regimen, which drug is used to reduce preload?
• Which statement about canine oral tumours is true?
• A 10-week-old puppy presents with regurgitation due to a vascular ring anomaly. The most likely diagnosis is?
• Why is placing a very distressed hospital cat back in its cage unlikely to be successful for calming it quickly?
• Which statement about mammary tumours is TRUE?
• In households with multiple cats, evaluating social interactions is important when assessing urinary problems.
• Apart from wasting and cachexia, what are the most common terminal-phase features of feline immunodeficiency virus infection?
• Which diagnostic test is most appropriate for confirming feline herpesvirus infection via swabs from the eye and nose?
• What is the rationale for using atropine during CPR and the updated frequency of administration according to the RECOVER guidelines?
• Which feeding route is most suitable for long-term enteral nutrition when the esophagus is compromised?
• In a 6-year-old Kelpie with painful swelling over the maxilla and infraorbital region, which diagnosis is most likely?
• What is the most important physiological change associated with pre-oxygenation and its benefit?
• Which virus is most likely to cause a black corneal lesion in a cat?
• Which diagnostic test would be most useful for definitive diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a dog?
• A 3-year-old, 15 kg Staffordshire Bull Terrier has swallowed a smooth 3 cm pebble about 24 hours ago. What is the most appropriate recommendation?
• After oxygen supplementation and isotonic crystalloid administration, what should be administered as the first line medical therapy for anaphylactic shock and why?
• List therapeutic action and medications for a cat with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pulmonary oedema, and pleural effusion presenting with dyspnoea and tachypnoea.
• After clipping and cleaning bite wounds in a cat and administering pain relief and antibiotics, what is the next step?
• Which of the following statements about oesophageal healing is correct?
• Therapy of pneumonia should AVOID using which of the following?
• Histiocytic ulcerative colitis is most commonly seen in...
• The S1 heart sound is due to:
• A 6 month old female neutered DSH presents with lethargy, jaundice, ascites and inappetence. What is the most likely differential diagnosis?
• In prolonged CPR with non-shockable rhythms, what is the effect of high-dose adrenaline on long-term survival?
• During induction of anaesthesia with an intravenous agent such as alfaxalone or propofol which of the following is the MOST useful in determining whether enough drug has been administered for intubation?
• During a dog’s sensitive fear period (around 6 to 9 months), what is the recommended approach?
• An ECG tracing shows regular QRS complexes with no consistent association to preceding P waves. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which parasite prevention regimen is Thor on according to the material?
• Which of the following medications is NOT an appropriate 'as needed' medication for a dog with noise phobia?
• In a dog with suspected dehydration and IVDD, which finding is most likely the cause of tachycardia and tachypnea?
• What is the maximum recommended lidocaine dose (mg/kg) for local blocks in small animals as described in the material?
• Which statement about chest auscultation in a triage primary respiratory assessment is correct?
• Where does normal cardiac depolarization begin?
• Radiographs of an older dog with a chronic cough most likely reveal which diagnosis?
• Which term best describes the oral mucosa lesions and the blood abnormality most likely to cause them?
• Which instrument is used to grasp the subcutaneous tissue during a simple continuous subcutaneous layer closure in a dog castrate?
• What is the treatment of choice for the tooth immediately caudal to the carnassial?
• Which oral nerve block is most appropriate to extract a right upper canine tooth fracture?
• In a cat, a gallop rhythm is most likely due to which pair of heart sounds?
• Which etiological agent is classically associated with corneal edema or blue eye following systemic illness in dogs?
• The MOST COMMON sign of early left sided CHF in the dog is:
• Which condition would warrant a Billroth I procedure?
• During CPR, capnography serves what primary purpose?
• What design features should be considered when selecting a litter box?
• Which description correctly identifies the chest drain insertion landmark?
• Which statement is NOT correct regarding kennel cough vaccination reasoning?
• Clomipramine reuptake profile: which neurotransmitters are inhibited?
• Which instrument is used to create a subcutaneous tunnel by elevating tissue and exposing the linea alba in a 15 kg dog during spey surgery?
• Left-sided congestive heart failure in cats most often results in which combination?
• Which statement about stertor and stridor is most correct?
• Which instrument is used to hold up the linea alba while making the initial stab incision to enter the abdomen in a 30 kg dog?
• Which statement about colopexy is INCORRECT?
• Which statement about diagnostic testing for FeLV and FIV is correct?
• A 2-year-old male cat presents with dyspnoea, tachypnoea and pyrexia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which statement regarding oral tumours is incorrect?
• Which type of beat is most likely in a Lead II ECG tracing from a dog with an abnormal beat described?
• Cytology and glucose analysis of abdominal fluid obtained via drains is used to monitor for which condition?
• On dental radiographs, which tissue is the most radiopaque?
• Regarding ranula management in mucocoeles, which statement is accurate?
• Fat in the stool is more likely with which type of diarrhoea?
• A 4 month old German Shepherd Dog is presented for persistent regurgitation that occurs immediately after eating. Of the following possibilities, what is the most likely diagnosis?
• A 3 year old male castrated Labrador is presented with weight loss, ascites, a grade 5/6 holosystolic heart murmur that is loudest over the right heart base. Which of the following diseases is the MOST likely diagnostic possibility?
• Which instrument is used to clamp the uterine body before ligation in a 4 kg cat?
• A dog suddenly develops asystole during anaesthesia. The ECG was attached to the patient, no pulse was detected. According to the RECOVER CPR guidelines, what should be the first treatment priority?
• During mandibular sialoadenectomy which nerve should be protected?
• During anesthesia, Elmo becomes hypotensive (MAP <60 mmHg). What is the first step to correct the hypotension, if possible?
• Radiographs of a 12-year-old female dog with anorexia and distended abdomen most likely indicate which diagnosis?
• Which statement is TRUE about canine parvovirus?
• During CPR in veterinary patients, which medication is commonly administered as a vasopressor?
• Regarding monitoring the ECG in a dog under anaesthesia, which statement is most accurate?
• True/False: Asystole/Pulseless Electrical Activity are non-shockable arrest rhythms and should not be treated with electrical defibrillation.
• What was the murmur grade described in the dog case?
• In cases with suspected tracheal collapse, the definitive diagnosis is made using which method?
• Which instrument is used to hold the linea alba while making the initial stab incision to enter the abdomen in a 3 kg cat?
• Which event is the S1 heart sound most closely associated with?
• A 10-year-old cat weighing 4 kg needs a tooth extraction. If using lidocaine 1% for a local block, what is the usual safe volume?
• Paradoxical abdominal movement indicates abnormal movement across which space?
• Which virus is most consistent with a feline patient presenting with severe immunosuppression and chronic signs such as stomatitis and generalized lymphadenopathy?
• After intestinal resection and anastomosis, which suture pattern minimizes intraluminal narrowing?
• Which imaging modality best evaluates bone structures in suspected nasal disease prior to rhinoscopy?
• For analgesia to extract the upper fourth premolar (carnassial) in a dog, which nerve block would be performed?
• Which of the following is NOT a zoonosis?
• How is feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) usually transmitted between cats in Australia?
• Which laboratory finding would you not expect in a dog with panhypoproteinemia and hypocholesterolemia?
• What is the treatment of choice for a flail chest in a dog with respiratory compromise?
• Which nerve block is most appropriate to anesthetize the right infraorbital region for dental procedures?
• If all the right lung lobes are excised in a dog, is long-term survival achievable, and what percentage of total lung volume do the right lobes constitute?
• Which canine parvovirus is typically included in core vaccination schedules given at 6 and 8 weeks of age?
• The best chest compressions during CPR produce about what percent of cardiac output?
• When planning treatment for a fractured tooth, which is the appropriate approach?
• After intestinal resection and anastomosis, to decrease complications you should:
• What steps should you take during the primary survey on arrival of a collapsed dog?
• To assess the right cranial lung lobe in a sedated dog, which thoracic imaging protocol provides the best view?
• What is the best treatment option for a distal cervical esophageal foreign body in a dog that was swallowed 3 days ago?
• Why do feline calicivirus (FCV) vaccines not provide complete protection?
• What is the normal number of adult teeth in the cat?
• In the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy regimen described, which drug primarily acts as a positive inotrope and vasodilator?
• During staphylectomy in brachycephalic airway syndrome, which landmark determines the length of tissue to resect?
• Which statement is correct about social interactions among cats in the same household when evaluating a cat with a urinary problem?
• What is the most likely cause of severe conjunctivitis starting in one eye and spreading to the other in a cat?
• Best long-term treatment for stage 3 laryngeal collapse in a British Bulldog?
• Genetic influences of behaviour are important to consider. Which statement best reflects this?
• In severe tracheal trauma, up to what percentage of the total tracheal length can be resected?
• Which statement correctly lists the standard canine ECG limb leads and their orientations?
• The critical socialisation period for developing kittens is:
• Is it normal for lactate to stay high for up to 48 hours after GDV surgery?
• Which statement about external tracheal stenting is incorrect?
• In canine pyometra, which sequence best describes the pathophysiology?
• Which instrument is used to make the stab incision into the linea alba of a 2 kg cat?
• Which organism is most commonly involved in canine nasal fungal infections?
• What treatment is indicated for both of Higgin's teeth in the radiograph?
• A dog shows signs of aggression, including staring, growling, raised hackles, and barking. What traffic light zone does this indicate?
• Canine cervical mucocoeles are typically soft and fluctuant and usually lack a draining sinus tract. Which statement is true?
• Define automaticity
• During pregnancy there are changes; which has the least impact on anaesthetic management?
• What is the recommended chest compression rate during CPR for a small animal patient?
• What should be done next if a dog being treated with fluoxetine 1 mg/kg SID shows no improvement after four weeks?
• Pancreatitis can be triggered by...
• Which dog group has brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome that increases risks during airway management?
• An elderly Golden Retriever presents with inspiratory noise only during exercise. What is the most likely cause?
• Which statement about antibiotic use in dogs undergoing GI surgery is correct?
• Baseline anemia in a 9-year-old female dog with lymphosarcoma before chemotherapy is best described as which of the following?
• Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is most commonly seen in...
• In a 7-year-old, 7 kg male dachshund with hindlimb paralysis and no deep pain sensation awaiting surgery for IVDD, which is the best sole opioid analgesic protocol?
• Which statement correctly reflects dental treatment options for a tooth fracture with potential pulp exposure?
• Which statement about cervical salivary mucocele management is true?
• Which statement about tracheostomy tube placement in dogs is correct?
• In an intact female cat with mammary swelling due to hormonal influence, which management option is most appropriate?
• Which of the following best explains incomplete FCV vaccine cross-protection?
• For a canine mandibular mass, which combination of steps is essential for planning treatment?
• An adult cat with chronic tachypnea, no coughing and no heart murmur is evaluated radiographically. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• In Troy's case, what did the specialist endoscopy show?
• Which instrument is used to retract both medial edges of the subcutaneous tissue to improve visualisation during linea alba suturing?
• What is the best surgical treatment option for BLP if the dog has no concurrent oesophageal disease?
• In a 6-month-old cat with a loud systolic murmur at the right heart apex showing a crescendo-decrescendo pattern, which lesion is most likely?
• When placing an omental patch around an intestinal anastomosis, what is the advised practice regarding the mesentery?
• Which distinctive and diagnostically useful clinical feature of canine distemper often develops around day 7 to 21?
• What is the initial management for moderate intrathoracic tracheal collapse in a small breed dog?
• A 12-year-old Labrador Retriever with diarrhea and polyuria/polydipsia on radiographs has which diagnosis?
• What radiographic finding is most characteristic of megaoesophagus?
• Which pancreatic enzyme is commonly measured in the blood as an indicator of pancreatitis in dogs?
• Which suture material is preferred for a large intestine anastomosis in a low-tension situation?
• Which drug is given orally after stabilization to support contractility in dilated cardiomyopathy?
• Which of the following is a sign you might see in a patient in shock?
• For a tooth behind the mandibular carnassial that shows periodontal disease, which is the recommended treatment?
• Infectious canine hepatitis is caused by which pathogen?
• An 10-year-old Golden Retriever presents with coughing and fever of one day. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which drug is least likely to cause a decrease in arterial blood pressure?
• Which radiographic technique is described as bisecting the angle between the tooth and the image receptor?
• Which statement about duration of immunity for core vaccines is correct?
• In gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV), which statement about serum lactate levels is correct?
• Generally, a tooth should be extracted if it has which of the following conditions?
• If the ileum has intussuscepted into the colon at the ileocaecal junction, what is the recommended initial step?
• If Giardia trophozoites were found, what would be the most effective treatment?
• How common are caries (tooth decay) lesions in the cat?
• When assessing viability after reducing an intussusception, which finding indicates viability?
• What should be considered regarding litter type?
• Which statement about bacterial tonsillitis in dogs is most correct?
• Which tissue is relatively radiolucent compared with enamel on radiographs?
• What is the most common cause of hypoxaemia in a heavily sedated dog breathing room air?
• When deciding if a bitch is in dystocia, which of the following is the MOST important?
• Imaging sequence for suspected nasal disease in an elderly dog: after a thorough physical examination, which imaging modality is typically used before rhinoscopy?
• In a 2-year-old pug with mild functional pyloric outflow obstruction, ideal treatment?
• Which reproductive stage predisposes to cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra in dogs?
• Which instrument is used to clamp the ovarian pedicle before ligation in a large dog spey?
• In a radiograph of the right caudal mandible, the tooth immediately caudal to the carnassial is which molar?
• A 10-year-old male crossbred dog started regurgitating several weeks ago. The regurgitation is progressive and the dog is weak but recovers with rest. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• What is the primary compensatory mechanism in hypovolaemic shock and what physiological changes does it cause?
• Which method is most reliable for real-time assessment of chest compression effectiveness during CPR?
• An ECG shows P waves with some P waves not followed by a QRS complex, regular atrial and ventricular rhythms, atrial rate ~160 bpm and ventricular rate ~40 bpm, with QRS complexes of normal morphology indicating a supraventricular origin. What is the diagnosis?
• The goal of vasopressor therapy during CPR is to:
• Which limb lead corresponds to LA → LL?
• In a dog with a heart murmur, a heart rate of 108 bpm and RR 29 breaths/min suggests absence of which condition?
• In a multi-cat household, which statement about feeding stations is most accurate?
• During capnography monitoring, which parameter is most directly used to assess ventilation adequacy during anesthesia?
• During which period is the dog socialisation period generally considered to occur?
• Which of the following is NOT indicated for conservative management of megacolon in cats?
• Which statement best describes the recommended vaccination timing in puppies for core and non-core vaccines?
• Which lead orientation yields the largest QRS signal due to proximity to the bulk of the myocardium?
• The lead II trace from a dog under anaesthesia shows a rhythm described as 2nd degree AV block. How should this be treated?
• When closing a distal cervical oesophagotomy to achieve the greatest initial strength, which closure is preferred?
• A 7-year-old obese dog with acute vomiting after a barbecue most likely has which condition?
• Which blood test is NOT included in the emergency blood database used for triage?
• In a vomiting dog with intermittent vomiting, mild lethargy and possible polydipsia, with a small quantity of blood in the vomit, what is the most appropriate initial action?
• Which statement best describes recommendations for handling red-zone behavior during dog training?
• What was the recorded temperature of the dog?
• Which lactate value is associated with shock in the described material?
• A dog presents with a distal cervical esophageal foreign body. Which clinical sign would you most expect?
• Which statement about feline social behavior is correct?
• In a 9-year-old German Shepherd with lethargy and dyspnea, which radiographic diagnosis best fits?
• Which condition is a secondary upper airway disease due to high negative inspiratory airway pressures?
• Which statement about laryngeal paralysis and related conditions is supported by the material?
• In the primary survey, which component is typically evaluated?
• Which warming measures are used to treat hypothermia during anesthesia?
• What is the rationale for intravenous lipid emulsion therapy to treat systemic toxicity caused by local anaesthetics?
• Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Caesarean section is urgently indicated in the bitch when:
• What is the mode of action of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)?
• Gastric ulceration can be caused by...
• Pale mucous membranes are most often caused by which two broad categories?
• A 7-year-old cat regurgitates shortly after dental work; the most likely early diagnosis is?
• Which CPR drug is most appropriately used as an alternative to epinephrine during CPR?
• Chronic stress can cause which effect on learning and memory?
• Which drug is commonly used to treat bradycardia due to AV nodal block during anesthesia?
• Megaoesophagus can be secondary to...
• Which statement about the pharmacology of Fluoxetine and Clomipramine is correct?
• To monitor for early signs of infectious peritonitis after abdominal surgery, which approach is best?
• Which tooth structure on a radiograph appears as a radiolucent line surrounding the tooth root, representing the periodontal ligament space?
• What is the likely anatomical location of stertor?
• Which radiographic description best fits a mid abdominal mass on radiographs?
• A five-year-old, 7 kg male castrated dachshund presents with 24-hour history of deep pain and hind limb paralysis. Basic findings include tachycardia, tachypnea, and elevated PCV and TP with mild hypotension. What are the most likely causes for these initial findings?
• What was Troy's body condition score (BCS) reported?
• When leaving a chest drain in place in a dog's thorax, which action is important to prevent air or fluid leakage?
• This description describes which rhythm? consistent and repeated QRS complexes, wider complexes, no pulses associated with the complexes and heart rate of 228 BPM.
• Which test can be used to confirm diagnosis of feline herpesvirus infection in cats with conjunctivitis and nasal signs?
• After administration of the first low dose of adrenaline during CPR in a cat with a non-shockable rhythm, how long should you wait before giving another vasopressor?
• Why are puppies repeatedly vaccinated with modified-live virus vaccines during the first 16 weeks of life?
• Which virus is most commonly associated with corneal ulcers in cats?
• In cats, when groups are formed, the typical composition is which of the following?
• Radiographs of a 17-year-old male neutered West Highland White Terrier presenting with hemoptysis, a hind limb mass, and chronic gastrointestinal disease lead to which diagnosis?
• For non-core vaccines, how often is re-vaccination recommended for at-risk dogs?
• In the case of a dog reactive to unfamiliar dogs on walks, which option would be the best immediate step?
• In the progression from compensated to decompensated hypovolaemic shock, which parameter shows a clear abnormal change?
• Which intraoperative antibiotic regimen is most appropriate for a caecal resection?
• Which would be the most likely diagnosis for a 5-year-old male Beagle with two days of vomiting, tacky mucous membranes, tachycardia, abdominal guarding and fever?
• What information does the reticulocyte count provide in anemia evaluation?
• What distinctive clinical feature of infectious canine hepatitis often develops around day 7?
• Which instrument is used to grasp the ductus deferens only after ligation of the spermatic cord, immediately before releasing the pedicle back into the tunics?
• Which of the following liver disorders is least likely to be seen in a cat?
• A 10-year-old German Shepherd presents with sudden onset gagging and non-productive retching. Which diagnosis best fits this presentation?
• A radiographic exam of a 7-year-old Golden Retriever with sudden gagging and pacing leads to which diagnosis?
• Hepatic lipidosis can be caused by...
• A 9-year-old female Staffordshire bull terrier undergoing mammary tumour resection. What is the diagnosis?
• What is the radiographic diagnosis for a dog with night-time coughing showing cardiomegaly with left atrial enlargement but no pulmonary edema?
• What daily cleaning practice is recommended for litter boxes?
• The onset, potency and duration of local anaesthetics are primarily determined by which three properties?
• What is the likely anatomical location of sneezing?
• Which instrument is used to grasp the proper ligament to assist manipulation of the uterine horn and ovary during a spey?
• Which instrument is used to grasp the subcutaneous tissue during a simple continuous subcutaneous layer closure in a dog castrate?
• Which statement best differentiates regurgitation from true vomiting?
• True/False: In geriatric patients, the use of sedatives, analgesics and anaesthetic agents may cause a significant decrease in functional respiratory reserve due to respiratory depression.
• Which statement about EtCO2 during CPR is least accurate?
• Which instrument is used to grasp the ductus deferens only (after ligation of the spermatic cord), immediately before releasing the pedicle back into the tunics?
• Where was the heart murmur loudest in the dog case?
• In the described ECG case, the QRS complexes are of which origin?
• Inspiratory stridor is best heard from which anatomical structure?
• Which of the types of arrest rhythms is seen most commonly in dogs and cats?
• After caudal intrathoracic oesophageal surgery involving the mucosa, which feeding route provides direct gastric access for nutrition?
• A 6-year-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel presents with exercise intolerance and soft coughing. Which radiographic diagnosis is most likely?
• Which instrument retracts the medial edges of subcutaneous tissue during linea alba suturing?
• Which of the following is a major clinical feature of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs?
• Which method is best for differentiating benign prostatic hyperplasia from prostatic abscess in a 10-year-old male dog?
• Which statement correctly describes permanent tracheostomy in airway management?
• Oesophagitis can be seen following...
• Choose the most appropriate site for chest compressions in a dog during CPR.
• Which statement is NOT a true feature of the feline calicivirus carrier state?
• An elderly dog with 1 week of persistent sneezing and unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge. Which approach is most likely to lead to diagnosis?
• Which tooth tissue is the most radiopaque on dental radiographs?
• Genetic influences in canine behaviour: which statement is true?
• Biphasic defibrillators are preferred for their efficiency. The statement that the same dose chart can be used for both biphasic and monophasic defibrillators is:
• Which of the following was NOT identified as a major abnormality in the history and physical examination of the dog?
• During anesthesia, you notice an abnormal rhythm after the 7th QRS complex and the patient’s HR and ETCO2 are decreasing. What is this rhythm called and how should you manage it?
• Which statement best describes FCV vaccine efficacy?
• A dog undergoing anaesthesia for removal of a very large cranial abdominal mass is at risk of negative effects on which body system?
• The anatomical entry point for placing a chest drain is best described as entry through the chest wall at which level?
• Using the modified Triadan tooth numbering system, which number corresponds to the upper right fourth premolar?
• In canine electrocardiography, which limb lead is preferred for diagnosis and monitoring due to producing the largest signal?
• Which description best matches a complicated crown fracture in a dog tooth?
• Which statement best describes regurgitation associated with vascular ring anomalies in young dogs?
• In a 5-year-old female neutered cocker spaniel with pale mucous membranes, what is the most significant physical examination finding?
• In GDV, which statement best describes a good prognostic sign related to lactate?
• Which is NOT a reason to elect hysterectomy over hysterotomy for cesarean section in the bitch?
• What is the most common cause of hypoventilation during general anaesthesia?
• Which of the following statements regarding canine mammary neoplasia is correct?
• What is the recommended minimum length of a litter box relative to the cat’s length?
• Assuming anemia is the most likely cause, which laboratory test is necessary to characterize this cause?
• In the regurgitating dog described, which is the most likely diagnosis?
• In canine pyometra, which statement is NOT correct?
• Doberman pinschers are predisposed to which cardiac condition?
• A dog presents with a 2 cm pink, ulcerated and partially necrotic oral mass near the left mandibular ramus, with some teeth loose. What is the next step?
• During anesthesia, ETCO2 above which level would prompt you to act?
• Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is most commonly seen in which breed?
• A 4 year old male neutered Labrador retriever presents with vomiting but is still bright, alert and responsive. What is the diagnosis?
• Which statement about jejunal torsion surgical management is true?
• Endoscopic examination for suspected tracheal collapse can be performed under which level of sedation?
• Fine needle aspirate cytology of a sialocoele typically yields which description of fluid?
• In a dental radiograph of a dog's right caudal mandible, what is the number of the most caudal tooth the arrow points to, and what is the tooth's pathological process?
• Which nerve provides primary sensory innervation to the maxillary teeth in dogs?
• A 4.5-month-old female Siamese presents with 3 days of profound depression, anorexia, marked abdominal distension, fever, a positive fluid wave, and mild jaundice. Which agent is most likely?
• Which scenario is a common cause of intraoperative hypotension during veterinary anesthesia?
• An adult cat presenting with chronic cough most likely has which diagnosis?
• In a dog with nasal cavity Aspergillus fumigatus, which combination of diagnostic tests are MOST likely to result in a positive diagnosis?
• Which statement best describes the common signs seen in cats presenting in shock?
• Which feature is typical of small bowel diarrhoea?
• Triaditis in cats involves inflammation of which organ systems?
• Which suture material is appropriate for oral cavity use?
• A 5-year-old male cat with weight loss, diarrhoea, generalized lymphadenopathy, stomatitis, and mild conjunctivitis. Which etiological agent is most likely?
• In an elderly dog with a chronic cough, which radiographic diagnosis is most consistent with the listed findings?
• In which dog breed is megaoesophagus most commonly observed?
• Which pre-anaesthetic drug is most likely to cause pharyngeal and soft palate relaxation resulting in upper airway obstruction?
• Which statement best describes how to approach evaluating social interactions among cats during history questioning?
• A 1.5-year-old Boxer with fever and bloody diarrhea; most likely diagnosis is?
• True/False: High dose epinephrine has been associated with an increased rate of ROSC during CPR but has also been associated with a lower rate of survival to discharge. It is therefore recommended for use only in patients with prolonged CPA as a last ditch effort and should only be administered with the understanding that it may decrease the likelihood of long term survival.
• Where should the litter box ideally be located?
• During CPR on a 30 kg dog, the EtCO2 is less than 15 mmHg during a 2-minute cycle. What is the clinical interpretation?
• What drug is recommended to treat lymphocytic leukemia in a dog with marked lymphocytosis?
• Which virus is commonly responsible for oral ulcers and systemic signs in young kittens?
• In a soft-coated Wheaten Terrier with weight loss, inappetence, vomiting and diarrhoea, and laboratory findings of panhypoproteinemia and hypocholesterolemia with no proteinuria, what is the most likely diagnosis?
• In a normal canine lead II ECG trace, what is the correct order of conduction from impulse initiation to ventricular contraction?
• Which of the following is the most likely cause of oesophagitis?
• Which is the most likely differential diagnosis list for Troy's condition?
• A 6-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog is straining to urinate. Which combination of calculi is most likely present?
• Regarding canine cervical salivary mucocoeles, which statement is true?
• What are the 3 most commonly seen signs in cats presenting in shock?
• In a spey on a 10 kg dog, which instrument is used to clamp the ovarian pedicle before ligation?
• Which product is a dog appeasing pheromone designed to help with anxiety?
• A tooth with 60% loss of attachment corresponds to which stage of periodontal disease?
• What are the major routes of heat loss during prolonged anesthesia?
• Pancreatitis can be triggered by what dietary change?
• Which statement about feline herpesvirus diagnosis is true?
• Scratching the furniture in the home is best managed by:
• Which virus is a coronavirus associated with feline disease and can cause effusions in body cavities?
• Which of the following is NOT a method to confirm correct placement of an endotracheal tube after intubation?
• Which test would best help confirm immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia?
• Which radiographic finding is most consistent with left atrial enlargement and pulmonary edema?
• What type of tooth resorption (TR) is occurring with Higgin's teeth in this radiograph?
• An acutely ill unvaccinated 6-month-old puppy with fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, tachypnoea, an enlarged liver and corneal oedema should be suspected of having which infection?
• During prolonged obstruction, which systemic change is expected?
• Which statement about vaccines for respiratory viruses is true?
• Which statement is true about esophageal wound healing technique choices?
• Which of the following is a valid rationale for the use of sodium bicarbonate during CPR?
• Feline stomatitis (gingivostomatitis) is caused by which of the following?
• In brachycephalic dogs, which of the following is a pre-anesthetic concern?
• Which statement best describes a normocytic, normochromic non-regenerative anaemia in a dog with cancer?
• Which description best defines flail chest in a dog?
• Which option correctly lists the Four Ms of dog behaviour treatment?
• Root canal therapy is not recommended for a fractured tooth with advanced periodontal disease. What is the treatment of choice?
• Why is CPV-associated myocarditis infrequently diagnosed in very young puppies nowadays?
• Open pyometra is typically associated with which clinical feature?
• A salvage procedure in airway management is characterized by which statement?
• In a dog with an oral mass near the mandible and loose teeth, which dental finding supports the likelihood of dental involvement?
• A middle aged female neutered Yorkshire terrier presents with a goose honking cough. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which etiological agent is most likely in a neonatal puppy with multisystemic hemorrhagic disease affecting lungs, liver, and kidneys?
• A 10-year-old female spayed Jindo dog with anorexia and abdominal discomfort shows which renal finding as most significant?
• Define conductivity
• Based on the data for the 10-year-old dog with cough and a systolic heart murmur, is the cough more likely reflecting a primary respiratory or a primary cardiovascular problem?
• According to updated RECOVER guidelines, what is the rationale for removing high-dose adrenaline for non-shockable rhythms during prolonged CPR?
• Which statement is usually correct regarding a gallop rhythm in a cat?
• Which of the following is a major differential for a dog with cough and tachypnea?
• If type 2 (idiopathic) tooth resorption is diagnosed in a cat's tooth, which is most likely?
• Which test is NOT used for definitive diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs?
• A 5 month old mixed-breed dog with acute vomiting and fever followed by bilateral corneal oedema (blue eye) is seen. What is the most likely etiological agent?
• A 3 week old Cairn terrier dies with blotchy haemorrhagic lesions in lungs, liver, and kidneys. Which etiological agent is most likely?
• Which statement about the dog’s anaemia is true?
• For a dog with a 2 cm pink ulcerated mass on the left mandible, what is the next step most likely?
• Which statement accurately describes a splint used for flail chest management?
• Which instrument provides temporary haemostasis of a small bleeding vessel in the subcutaneous tissue?
• What was the grade of the systolic heart murmur heard on auscultation in the 10-year-old dog?
• Which statement describes the retroviral nature of a pair of feline pathogens?
• What is the recommended overall approach for a dog with multiple behaviour problems including aggression, lick granuloma, and noise phobias?
• Periodontal disease is caused by:
• Which combination of increased liver enzymes typically indicates cholestasis?
• What is the best principle to minimize intestinal trauma during abdominal exploration?
• Wheezes are most likely produced by obstruction in which location?
• The description 'consistent and repeated QRS complexes, narrow complexes, no pulses associated with the complexes and heart rate of 126 BPM' describes which rhythm and its shockability?
• Which statement best describes bilateral laryngeal paralysis (BLP) in lay terms?
• A patient recovering from a femur fracture repair suddenly collapses and becomes apnoeic. After starting basic life support, the rhythm shows repeated QRS at 110 BPM but no palpable pulse. Your rhythm diagnosis is:
• An ECG tracing shows P waves with QRS complexes always preceded by a P wave. What is the diagnosis?
• During anesthesia on a non-rebreathing system with capnography, the trace never returns to baseline. What does this indicate and how should you troubleshoot?
• Suppose Thor's diagnosis is idiopathic allergic bronchitis. What therapy should be administered, and what is the short term prognosis (12-24h)?
• Which component is typically included in the primary survey as the clinician assesses an emergency patient?
• Regarding canine oral tumours, which statement is most correct?
• Regarding the treatment of a dog with tetanus, which statement is NOT correct?
• What constitutes the syndrome referred to as triaditis in cats?
• Which of the following would you suggest as non-prescription anxiolytic options for separation distress in a dog?
• A cat with bradyarrhythmias suddenly has cardiopulmonary arrest due to asystole. Which of the following is the most correct?
• What is the normal number of adult teeth in the dog?
• Feliway is:
• The right lung lobes constitute what percentage of a dog's total lung volume?
• Canine leptospirosis vaccines are serovar specific because...
• For flail chest in a dog, which statement is correct?
• Urine spraying in a cat can be a sign of which of the following?
• Pyometra is an infection of which organ?
• A radiograph of an adult cat that has been vomiting for 24 hours and shows a specific pattern indicates which diagnosis?
• How often should the litter tray be washed with an enzymatic cleaner at minimum?
• What is the most likely ASA status for Elmo?
• Which statement about epinephrine during CPR is supported by evidence?
• A newly adopted 1-year-old Akita who is coughing and lethargic is diagnosed with which condition?
• Why is a first booster given at 26-52 weeks?
• Which of the following is not commonly observed as a complication during small animal anesthesia?
• Histiocytic ulcerative colitis in dogs is most commonly reported in which breed?
• Gabapentin is a useful medication for which of the following?
• In a kitten spey procedure, which instrument clamps the ovarian pedicle before ligation?
• Which statement best summarizes the prevalence of dental caries in cats?